factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. Empty cart. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. To start with, European nations were motivated by economic factors arising from the industrial revolution which started in Britain and extended to other European countries such as Belgium, France and Germany (Hochschild, 158).They wanted cheaper mineral resources for their home industries claiming that resources were abundant in Africa for The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. the British Government completed their assignment of conquest and came up with what they called the Amalgamation of Nigeria . The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. Order. The officers of the RWAFF were British. Additionally. Animosity, Amnesia, or Admiration? Mass Opinion Around the World Toward In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) The huge African continent (three times the size of the continental United States) was particularly vulnerable to European conquest. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Thanks to this skewed writing of history, many Nigerians today still have Empire nostalgia and view the colonial period through rose-tinted . Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. [36], The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. oriented. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. The primary motives of European explorers were economic. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. Impact of British Colonization on Kenya - PHDessay.com [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. In German East Africa, Britain took over Tangayika while Ruanda-Urundi possessions were given to Belgium. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. The council was headed by a Governor. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The movement soon assumed both religious and national characteristics. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1213. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. Colonialism in Nigeria: positive and negative impacts of Nigerian ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. Clifford emphasized economic development, encouraging enterprises by immigrant southerners in the north while restricting European participation to capital intensive activity. In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. Some of them began to migrate back from Sierra Leone in search of home and trade. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. Far from that, NEPU political struggles transformed the Nigerian Independence struggle from the fight against the British to a fight against both the British and the local agents of the British (the Aristocracy). The influence of Christianity and the establishment of schools made the nationalists realize that after all God created everyman equal . factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. Africans come from Africa. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. The conquest was personal to William. 1) Lack of British Personnel: Obviously Nigeria was not the only West African country colonized by the British, other countries like Ghana, Sierra-Leone and The Gambia were part of the British colonies. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. A Summary of British Rule in India - ThoughtCo The Fulani conquest and rule of the Hausa Kingdom of Northern Nigeria In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of palm oil to trade for European dane guns and other goods. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. Men The British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria have implications for the country's economic advancement. In Europe, Britain sent troops to help its ally, Prussia, which was surrounded by its enemies. SLAVE TRADE - Central Connecticut State University The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 188485. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. In 1890, a group of adventurers known as the Pioneer Column, sponsored by South African-based British arch-imperialist Cecil John Rhodes, occupied Zimbabwe and claimed the country for the British. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. The British penetration of Nigeria met with various forms of resistance throughout the country. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. For this objective, the Company chose to administer the African inhabitants of the Niger Sudan through their traditional rulers and their political institutions. This was a case of plenty harvest but few hands to cultivate. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. [78], After establishing political control of the country, the British implemented a system of taxation in order to force the indigenous Africans to shift from subsistence farming to wage labour. The British wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel and export trade in tin, cotton, cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil and so on (Graham, 2009). Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Among his leading lieutenants were Samuel Akintola of Ogbomoso and the Oni of Ife, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs. They noticed something odd about the local fishermen and asked to come ashore. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. Empty cart. speedo sectionals 2022 texas info@hebasanmakine.com on it burgers ferntree gully closed +90 224 371 29 30

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