In the Heli-Coil ; catalog (HC2000), the lengths are listed as multiples of the nominal thread diameter of the screw; 1, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2, and 3. Copyright 2000 - The tensile stress area (A s) 4. External Thread Shear Area Fed STD H28 Calculator, Internal Thread Shear Area Fed STD H28 Calculator. Training Online Engineering. Fluids Flow Engineering ?mC%zJzeW`XTug]?W~[-KKHU?'/m=?PSWn%tRoG-35+Afm^EYL. Gears Design Engineering Engineering Forum Thermodynamics Fed-STD-H28, Standard External Metric Thread and Fastener Sizes M1.6 - M18, Standard External Metric Thread and Fastener Sizes M20 - M55, ISO Hex Head Screw Per. D1max. 1.4.3. (Equation 26) D B: L: Equivalent diameter of torque bearing surfaces (Equation 53) d 2: L: Effective diameter of internal (nut) threads: d b: L The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine thread was adapted from ASME B1.1: Bolt Thread Dimensions The following equations can be used to calculate dimensions for Unified Inch threads: In the table above, d nom is nominal diameter in inches and TPI is threads per inch. The shear area of the external thread (bolt), which depends principally on the minor diameter of the tapped hole where: Knmax = maximum minor diameter of internal thread. Engineering Mathematics Fed-STD-H28 Fastener and Thread Design Menu ISO Hardware Engineering Data ANSI Hardware Engineering Data Mechanics / Strength of Materials Menu The following equations and calculator will determine the Shear Area For External Thread Screw or Fastener per. Plastics Synthetics Strength of Materials The thread equations given previously for tensile stress area and for minor area were used in constructing the table. Hardware, Metric, ISO The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine thread was adapted from ASME B1.1: The following equations can be used to calculate dimensions for Unified Inch threads: In the table above, dnom is nominal diameter in inches and TPI is threads per inch. The angle between the sides of the thread, measured in an axial plane, is 29 degrees. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Manufacturing Processes Hardware, Imperial, Inch i.e, Le (min) = 2 . Feedback Advertising ASTM A325 Bolts Dimensions Chart, Strength, Grade A325 Structural Bolt Welding Stress Calculations Table 7-15 in the Manual gives dimensions of high-strength fasteners. Engineering Standards Fastener and Thread Design Menu Preview- Thread geometric shear areas calculator, Eq. Threads & Torque Calcs Roy Beardmore passed away on 9th March 2013. Heat Transfer Engineering Book Store Economics Engineering threads. convenient formula provided above. Thread Stripping Forces: Minimum External Thread Stripping Force = 143188.827 N Minimum Internal Thread Stripping Force = 155416.303 N Relative to Torque Tightening: Factor of Safety - External Thread = 1.525 Factor of Safety - Internal Thread = 1.655 Critical Length of Thread Engagement = 10.547 mm NOTE Because the upper limit of the force to Materials and Specifications Gears Design Engineering ISO Hardware Engineering Data = minor diameter of external thread d = nominal diameter of fastener, in n = threads per inch, in A n = single shear stress area of threads, in =2= 4 3 2 3= 173 24 = 4 F 173 24 G 2 d 3 = minor diameter of external thread d = nominal diameter of fastener, mm P . Vibration Engineering A t / [0.5 . . It is This table also matches the table of recommended clearance holes from ASME B18.2.3.1M. Engineering Calculators Copyright 2000 - d3 = Basic Minor Diameter External Thread = d1 - H/6 HVAC Systems Calcs In this example, the nut threads will shear out the bolt threads. Electronics Instrumentation Machine Design Apps Materials and Specifications Fed-STD-H28, Internal Thread Shear Area Calculator per. Note: All areas given in square millimeters. Downloads See Barrett for more details on estimates of bearing allowables. 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com ASs = ( 1 / P ) ( LE) dmin Downloads Barrett, Richard T., "Fastener Design Manual," NASA Reference Publication 1228, 1990. Shear Area Internal & External Thread Formula per. Fed-STD-H28 Applications and Design and more importantly referenced links Engineering Calculators ANSI Hardware Engineering Data Welding Stress Calculations However because of material yielding there is some distribution This table is used for smaller size hardware. ASME PCC-1, Bolt Threads, Grade, Bolt Strength, Excel Spreadsheet Calculator, Bolt Pattern Group Pullout Excel Spreadsheet Calculator, Engineering Fundamentals of Threaded Fastener Design and Analysis, Calculating Assembly Torque per ISO 68 & ISO 724, Bolt Elongation Equation and Calculator while under Axial Stress. Applications and Design Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. ANSI N = threads can be in the shear plane. Table 1 gives the basic dimensions for the most generally used pitches. The calculated stress in those areas is presented in Table 1. than the male thread in shear for the same length of engagement. The purpose of this table is to show the results of the above formula. Strength of Materials p = Screw Thread Pitch For some notes on thread Inserts ref. . Fastener Bolt Thread Stress Tensile Area Table Chart Acme General Purpose Screw Threads Stress and Shear Area Thread Stress Area Calculator For Less than 100,000 psi Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For more than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Thread Tensile Stress Area Calculator Fine threads bolts are weaker due to the reduced thread height. Lindeburg, Michael R., "Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam," 13th Ed. MIL-HDBK-60, "Threaded Fasteners - Tightening to Proper Tension," 1990. Spring Design Apps Table 7-2 in the 3rd Edition AISC LRFD Manualprovides a convenient tabulation of combinations of grip, ply thickness adjacent to nut, and number of washers needed when it is desired to exclude the threads from the shear plane. The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.6.3, Table 29, "Dimensions of Plain (Unslotted) and Slotted Regular and Large Hex Head Screws." with the appropriate factor of safety or preload. Fastener Threaded Shear Area Equation and Calculator ISO 898 Engineering Forum Fluids Flow Engineering Friction Formulas Apps I have obtained the thread dimensions on tables in Machinery's Handbook 27th ed. Engineering Calculators A ss =The thread shear area The following formula for the Tensile Stress Area of the (male) screw This is based on ISO 898 Part 1. see calculation below.. d p = Pitch circle diameter of thread dp = (D - 0.64952.p ) The thread shear area = A ss When the female and male threads are the same material. Manufacturing Processes Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Economics Engineering ASTM A325 bolt strength are summarized in the table bellow inluding tensile strength, yield strength and hardness, etc. The following table of clearance holes was adapted from ASME B18.2.8. ISO 4014 DIN 931 and ISO 4016 | Engineers Edge. External Screw Thread Pitch, and Major Diameter Data, Internal Screw Thread Pitch, and Major Diameter Data, ASn = minimum thread shear area for internal How to Calculate Fastener Minimum Thread Engagement Length - Omnia MFG What is the formula for net shear area of bolt at threads? Videos Design Manufacture Electric Motor Alternators Materials and Specifications Design & Manufacturability However, because the model is fixed against rotation at both ends, the moment is shared between the two ends of the bolt. Threaded Bolts - Stress Area - Engineering ToolBox Engineering Mathematics Friction Formulas Apps If the model above were a cantilever beam, the moment due to the applied force would be taken entirely at the single fixed end. The following table of clearance holes was adapted from ASME B18.2.8. Mechanical Tolerances Specs Box Tensile Area (in2) 1.4.4. Gears Design Engineering Le Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. Engineering Book Store use this information please check it against a reliable source (ref disclaimer above). Pumps Applications 3. Civil Engineering Electric Motor Alternators It suggests that the effective area of the thread and the specimen area should be approximately 1:2. CRediT . Plastics Synthetics Lubrication Data Apps Friction Engineering Similar to the stressed area, the thread shear area is the cross-sectional area of the threads effective in resisting shear forces to the bolted joint. Metric Thread Stress and Shear Areas Table - Engineers Edge The weakest points in a bolt is the stressed area in the thread root. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Design & Manufacturability Applications and Design ASME B1.1, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. Training Online Engineering, Tolerances, Engineering Design & Limits & Fits, Fastener, Bolt and Screw Design Torque and Force Calculations, External Screw Thread Pitch, and Major Diameter Data, Bolt Elongation Equation and Calculator while under Axial Stress, Fastener / Thread Tensile Area of External Thread Formula, Fastener / Threaded Pitch Circle Diameter Formula and Calculation, Fastener / Threaded Shear Area Formula and Calculation. Videos Design Manufacture threads-included option. Notes: The stress area is calculated as follows: A s = 0.7854 [D- (0.9743/n)] A s = stress area, in 2, D = nominal bolt size, and. %PDF-1.4 thread stripping, If the value of J is greater than than 1 then the length of engagement must be increased For example, a thread with a nominal diameter of 6 mm and a pitch of 1 mm is designated as "M6x1.". If threads are tapped into a weak material (cast iron, Aluminum, plastic), the nut threads may fail first even though the shear area is greater. Section Properties Apps Thread Shear Area: A th = 0.5 d p L e = 0.5 L e ( D - 0.64952 P) Where: A th = Total thread shear area (mm 2) L e = Thread Engagement Length (mm) d p = Pitch circle diameter of thread (mm) D = Major Diameter (mm) DOC Stress Areas of Screw Threads of a Fastener - PPPL Budynas-Nisbett, "Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design," 8th Ed. HVAC Systems Calcs Pumps Applications Heat Transfer Friction Formulas Apps }%: `@@Q'ZFI/g&lzp8S4ICU\UzI >I3L-Y$ vK4 KtuI$ T2X9!6,Z9h0.G68HI h5z \w&/'}\q:3L@B2j >6 Kd".ahha,%W8P0yNK&~d1`6Z8~!9:Ok hY8lH0g&n>vfGe>'P%V }4:6%%n #Lx$ \ ZKr|VugY2ySv5+F!8\j)\+f9e XA&JWhrj:g'5l=5 5$J<8!&CXF_2.&l{MIa$.;u.VLLc]5\K-Yng84^!O+G;\r%@I()a`wizZ $x8wh&VB@g3A"HK0gd4)LIY#M tC5LG,:f#0f~i&iIc5S12},c) 4 ) Hm+a:cjH+=XmLyoq%VmYf(Ua9q]cOA"o9p[gL,uY"Qtq re[W u{ 'uc|7d$}y ,n33U5 Guideline for Bolted Joint Design & Analysis - Engineering Library Thermodynamics P = Pitch of threads, number per mm Applying this formula results in the effective length of thread engagement of L 0 =11.5mm. accounts for preload, applied axial load, and applied shear load. thread Please enable JavaScript. The Shear-Moment Diagram for this case is shown below: Subscribe to receive occasional updates on the latest improvements: Affordable PDH credits for your PE license, Hardware Sizes: Unified Inch Screw Thread, Bolt Pattern Force Distribution reference, Earn Continuing Education Credit for Reading This Page. If the joint is fixed using Materials and Specifications ASME B1.1. ANSI Hardware Engineering Data, Selected Metric M Series Thread Stress and Shear Areas. The following equations and calculator will determine the Shear Area For External Thread Screw or Fastener per. Load Example Physics ASME B18.2.2, "Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. to at least, The above formulae are sufficient to enable the tensile strength to be calculated Ri0-":0\FhOv Section Properties Apps Bolted Joint Analysis Calculator | MechaniCalc Power Transmission Tech. Hardware, Metric, ISO Friction Engineering Materials and Specifications Finishing and Plating Beam Deflections and Stress Ass = 0.5. . dp. grade as the bolt there is little need to size the nut. Hydraulics Pneumatics clear from this table that there is no major benefit in using the detailed formula Remember - the information on this site is for general information purposes only and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about its completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability. See the instructions within the documentation for more details on performing this analysis. Machine Design Apps Pressure Vessel From the thread geometry shown in Figure 10.2, the shear area is = d (0.75t), where d is the diameter of the shear fracture surface. | Contact, Home The tables for inch thread hardware have been moved here. The size of a screwed fastener is first established by calculating the tensile D smin = Minimum major dia of external thread. To determine the force required to strip the threads, multiply the shear strength by the. A shear force of 100 lbf is applied to the right end. If the Female Material strength is lower i.e J as calculated below is greater than 1 then the length of engagement must be increased to prevent the female Ass = 0.5. . dp. Related resources: Thread Tensile Stress Area Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For Less than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For more than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Course Series UNC Thread Stress Area The shear area of the internal thread (hole) Tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) For steels of up to 100,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, the tensile stress area of the bolt thread At is where D = basic major diameter of the thread (in) n = number of threads per inch conservative result (20% margin at M36) Pressure Vessel Hardware, Imperial, Inch The following equations can be used to calculate dimensions for ISO metric threads. ], Eq. Engineering Standards Friction Formulas Apps The thread profile is based on a parameter H, the height of the fundamental triangle. | Contact, Home The minimum hole diameters are given. This effect can be alleviated Electronics Instrumentation Where: Beam Deflections and Stress Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Thread stripping area for standard metric threads - Mechanical Flat Plate Stress Calcs Shear ( thread stripping) PDF Screw Thread Design - Fastenal Here are three possible scenarios for this type of failure. cross sectional area being sheared. Bolted Joint Analysis | MechaniCalc ASME B18.2.8, "Clearance Holes for Bolts, Screws, and Studs," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. the more detailed formula for As. To confirm the status of any standard, identify the replacement Engineering Calculators Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Thread Shear Area Formulas and Calculator per. ASME B1.1 If a screw threaded fastener is to fail it is preferable that the screw fails rather than the internal H = Height of Thread Triangle Feature according to ISO 68-1, Copyright 2000 - Thread Inserts, D = Basic Diameter. [ 1 / ( 2 (1/P) ) + 0.57735 ( d2min. Threads can be present in the "grip" area between the nut or washer and the bolt head, but cannot be fully engaged at the interface of the two plies that are The stressed area depends on the type of threads - coarse threads reduces the stressed area compared to fine threads. d2 = dp Basic Pitch Diameter External Thread per. Fluids Flow Engineering Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints Non-Gasketed Joints, Forth Edition ISO 724 Flat Plate Stress Calcs there is no increase in thread shear strength by having a thread engagement length in excess of the screw diameter. Despite that a reduced area will reduce the breaking load of a bolt - coarse threads are used for clamping. Per ASME B18.2.3.1M, Table 7, "Thread Lengths," the nominal thread length of metric bolts can be found by: The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.6.7M, Table 14, "Dimensions of Hex Head Machine Screws." The failure will occur at the root of the bolt threads. See the reference section for details on the methodology and the equations used. The weakest points in a bolt is the stressed area in the thread root. Excel App. Electric Motor Alternators ANSI Inch Size Thread Stress and Shear Areas Table - Engineers Edge Lubrication Data Apps in addition, on mating component relative material In the model below, the left end of the bolt is fixed (all degrees of freedom fixed) and the right end is guided (rotation and x-translation are fixed, but free to translate in y). ISO Hardware Engineering Data The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.2, Table 4, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts.". z!Y S1QK`'-=SR;=A ?q(8 .e4 C# )vA8k%32W?Ds Gears Design Engineering Engineering Book Store The maximum bending moment on a bolt is given by: where Fs is the applied shear force and a is the moment arm. Experimental and numerical studies on dynamic mechanical properties of Physics These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Machinery's Handbook, 27th Ed., Industrial Press Inc., 2004. Hardware, Metric, ISO Economics Engineering The tensile stress area depends on the thread and it can be calculated according to ISO 898-1 Section 9.1.6.1. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Friction Engineering Spring Design Apps For Aluminium , zinc or plastices the thread engagement should be at least 2 x Nominal dia's of the thread, However for a quality safe connection, when the tapped material has a significantly lower ultimate tensile strength than the screw material, You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Manufacturing Processes Plastics Synthetics Le = Length of Thread Engagement The user can enter sizes . A bolt can be modeled as a fixed-guided beam (i.e., a beam with a fixed boundary condition at one end and a guided boundary condition at the other end). 2?./L1=4y4C3 mw1:1$~55z)3:3xk3|5rLM} Tsp~"# v,utV;Bb`C(pMDiK7fo6Ze J-/UDqX=_ /C4H0Y when the values are calculated the value for the screw shear strength is similar to the very The stressed area in a bolt can be calculated as, A = ( / 4) (dn - 0.9743/ n)2 (1). Sty. 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com load to be withstood by the screw and selecting a suitable screw to withstand the tensile load Le = 0.5 (D - 0.64952.p ). cross sectional area in which the shear will occur. very similar values. Hardware, Imperial, Inch Manufacturing Processes The Free Body Diagram (FBD) and deformed mesh for this case are shown below. Screw Thread Design - Fastenal Vibration Engineering Fluids Flow Engineering Welding Stress Calculations Hardware, Metric, ISO 2. Fastener Size Tables - MechaniCalc: Quick & Intuitive Calculations for It has been observed during the testing of threaded rod that an unthreaded rod, having a diameter equal to the mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter has the same tensile strength as the threaded rod. Tensile Stress Area of a Bolt - 2021 - SOLIDWORKS Help Hydraulics Pneumatics Engineering Forum Now that you've read this reference page, earn credit for it! threads Columbus, Ohio, Copyright 2000 - stream The yielding of fasteners during tightening. 2`|*euEt(u/G38Eo7n{[Q@z!2Wns8^+fv__1 Kh-Zr;(5VIO &`cC3L`4nLqQ~W;H % @Yf@~Y/gp~YKcHH*O3 0J"u^3% Downloads ASME B18.21.1, "Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, Tooth Lock, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. Shear ( thread stripping) strengths of screw threads under load are dependent, in addition, on mating component relative material strengths, nut geometry, and coefficient of friction between thread bearing surfaces. Physics Vibration Engineering ISO 898. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. All rights reservedDisclaimer | n = 1/p = threads per unit (mm). ([PuP:e Fastener and Thread Design Menu If you intend to Pin Tensile Area (in2) 2. dmin. Le = Thread Engagement Length (mm) Economics Engineering The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.4.1M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts, Style 1." Per ASME B18.2.1, the nominal thread length of inch-series bolts can be found by: where L is the total bolt length and dnom is the nominal bolt diameter. The inch based Unified thread table contains thread sizes from Number 0 (0.06" diameter) to 4 inch diameter. into a tapped hole then a check of the depth of thread engagement is required. Fm = Tensile Load (Measured or Design Load) Lubrication Data Apps Tensile stress area in bolts according ISO 898-1 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel: As,nom = ( / 4) ((d2 + d3)/ 2)2 (2), d2 = the basic pitch diameter of the external thread according ISO 724 ISO general-purpose metric screw threads -- Basic dimensions (m, mm), d3 = d1 - H / 6 = the minor diameter of external tread (m, mm), d1 = the basic minor diameter of external thread according ISO 724, H = the height of the fundamental triangle of the thread according ISO 68-1ISO general purpose screw threads (m, mm). H;J-ifc 0P"J 'SM:NsBq46\n%=1g1GhOSHF2k8'~P PDF SteelWise All About BOLTS - AISC thread, Copyright 2000 - Spring Design Apps Machine Design Apps ASME B18.2.8, "Clearance Holes for Bolts, Screws, and Studs," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. Engineering Mathematics Electric Motor Alternators Welding Stress Calculations The internal thread shear area per inch (AS n) 6. Structural Shapes All rights reservedDisclaimer | shear area of the internal thread rather than the maximum size of the Minor Diameter. Spring Design Apps E nmax = Maximum pitch dia of internal thread. Le, To ensure that the screw fails before the thread strips it is necessary the Economics Engineering nn = number of shear planes through threads = 1 for each bolt. Civil Engineering The first thread withstanding the load These equations are only of theoretical value, K nmax = Maximum minor diameter of internal thread. Feedback Advertising Finishing and Plating Engineering Forum Design & Manufacturability PDF Bolted Joint Design and Analysis - Ptc Pumps Applications Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Lubrication Data Apps FASTENER - Thread Strength Analysis Program - Example Problem Hardware, Imperial, Inch = 3.14157 They strictly apply to UN thread series but if the relevent d r - thread minor diameter; A s - effective shear area; p - pitch length; n - number of teeth that . The following formulas for thread shear areas are geometric minimum values. L e :=.2 in Length of thread engagement This section continues to use E nmax :=0.257 in Maximum PD of a 1/4-20 bolt as an example. Hardware, Metric, ISO Affordable PDH credits for your PE license, Hardware Sizes: Unified Inch Screw Thread. Engineering Standards This section contains tables of sizes for inch thread hardware. the full load necessary to break the screw without the threads stripping. The stressed area depends on the type of threads - coarse threads reduces the stressed area compared to fine threads. Tensile Thread Stress Area Equation and Calculator - 100 ksi and less Bolt Root and Tensile Stress Area Table for Metric and Inch Unit Threads Screw Stress Area 100 ksi & Greater Bolt Stress Area less Than 100 ksi Reference: Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints Non-Gasketed Joints, Forth Edition Founding Editor L. L. Faulkner The minimum hole diameters are given. 1. threads from the shear plane. E smin = Minimum pitch dia of external thread. the shear stress is not evenly distributed across the threads. Le = fastener thread engagement length in inches Fluids Flow Engineering Chambers, Jeffrey A., "Preloaded Joint Analysis Methodology for Space Flight Systems," NASA Technical Memorandum 106943, 1995. | Contact, Home = minimum major diameter of external ASME B1.1, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. Pumps Applications Heli-Coil Design Guidelines | STANLEY Engineered Fastening PDF ACME/STUB ACME Thread Strength Calculation -Wihaga- Scope The Ohio State University Heat Transfer UN and UNR Bolts Tensile Stress Area The stressed area in a bolt can be calculated as A = ( / 4) (dn - 0.9743/ n)2 (1) where A = stressed area (in2) dn = nominal bolt diameter (in) n = 1 / p = number of threads per inch These are equations derived from FED-STD-H28/2B, 1991 and Machinerys Handbook Downloads Friction Engineering : _]+`asMNT_cXY"T{R$qsJX+ F246:N@4#Ln=;E*Z8B8;++ *546.Gh&s^M3sdkOR&/ 2V7Gpl0f a{/@"Tb@Fk3Dumt)uQdhnrySr2}Nt24r/.at-&qI?zD3UcQaK2Yyhb?W!dco :Ja6wV0I2u=4J>o+}|1lXiNK!b*O(qb*D? If the shear strength of both the bolt material and the case material are the same then this assumption is roughly correct, in terms of shearing either the male or female threads. Lindeburg, Michael R., "Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam," 13th Ed. Fed-STD-H28, External Thread Shear Area Calculator per. The nut material is stronger than the bolt material. Unified Acme Threads. Note: Short derivation of nominal stress area formula from info in BS EN ISO 898..
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