endobj /S /Transparency A lone mangrove shoot stands in the path of development in the Bahamas. When those predators die, it is then up to the decomposers to hit the reset button on the food chain by harvesting nutrients that were passed from the producers to the consumers so they can be used again. /CS /DeviceRGB In the mangrove forests of the Ganges Delta in the Sundarban forest of India and Bangladesh, roughly 500 tigers call the intertidal home. /Xf1 30 0 R However, rising temperatures and sea level due to climate change are allowing mangroves to expand their ranges farther away from the equator and encroach on temperate wetlands, like salt marshes. Bengal tigers roam the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. /Group << Although mangrove populations have flourished in that last 6,000 years, a past change in sea level during the retreat of the glaciers roughly 20,000 years ago, potentially killed a majority of their population. /StructParents 4 /Marked true Organic carbon inputs2.1.. Mangrove ecosystem productivityThe most widely used proxy of mangrove productivity is annual litter fall, which is known to show a latitudinal gradient, being highest close to the equator (e.g., Twilley et al., 1992).Typical global average litterfall rates are in the order of 38 mol C m 2 year 1 (Twilley et al., 1992, Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 2002). /F4 51 0 R /Type /Group 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R Mangrove forests occurring at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems represent a rich biological diversity of plants, animals and microorganisms. Although mangrove populations have flourished in that last 6,000 years, a past change in sea level during the retreat of the glaciers roughly 20,000 years ago, potentially killed a majority of their population. ), and other invertebrates. A fluctuation of ten degrees in a short period of time is enough stress to damage the plant and freezing temperatures for even a few hours can kill some mangrove species. Decomposers transform matter back into inorganic forms that can be recycled within the ecosystem. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] And theyre not alone. Shantelle Friesen /CS /DeviceRGB >> >> /Parent 3 0 R >> 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R HTMo@#\EQ$U["U `mZw6 Smithsonian scientists and colleagues from around the world are searching for answers to these and other urgent questions. /F5 52 0 R endobj /ParentTree 24 0 R << Plants Found in This Habitat. Examples of Decomposers in Different Ecosystems /Tabs /S After entering the snails shell the larvae then inject a paralyzing toxin and enzyme into the fleshy body before consuming it. As the fish are eaten by predators, their energy and nutrients become another link in the chain. >> /Rotate 0 The underground portion of the root adds stability while the looping projections increase access to the air. /GS7 46 0 R 15 [211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] Its estimated that 75 percent to 90 percent of fisheries on the Florida coast are supported by mangroves. /Tabs /S Underwater sponges, snails, worms, anemones, barnacles, and oysters are a few animals that cling to the hard surface of the roots. >> What's a Mangrove? Some are thin and pencil-like while others are in the shape of a cone. (v) Decomposers: When tigers, deer, plants become dead, different types of bacteria will decompose the dead bodies and eventually will mix up in the soil as biotic and abiotic elements. >> 8 0 obj The biotic portion of the marine ecosystem includes three main groups called producers, consumers, and decomposers. The pneumatophores of Sonneratia species can reach up to 10 feet (3 meters) in height, taller than a grown man. /F5 52 0 R 7 [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R] In a city of underground burrows, territoriality is the rule of life for, . The pygmy three-toed sloth, listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, lives predominantly among Rhizophora mangle trees on one tiny island off the coast of Panama. << >> /Font << /Type /Page The mangrove, The long nose of a proboscis monkey may look funny, but for female monkeys, its an attractive trait. /Parent 3 0 R While producers tend to get a lot of credit for propping up ecosystems, mangrove forests wouldnt be able to operate without decomposers. >> Sometimes they are inundated with fresh river water, while during summer droughts the soil can become exceptionally salty when the fresh river water is almost nonexistent. /F1 48 0 R The damage caused by the 2004 tsunami spurred impacted countries to rethink mangrove importance and many restoration projects are working to rebuild lost forests. /URI (https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/chris-freeman\(b6ef0867-8ceb-40bd-8939-f16d48db384b\).html) Mud lobsters excavate underground burrows that extend down to two meters deep. Some, crabs are notorious for eating and destroying young seedlings. coffee bean snail). Cameron is a writer and educator based out of Fort Collins, Colorado. /Resources << Treating animal hides with tannin alters the hides protein structure so it becomes soft, pliable, and resistant to decomposition. /F5 52 0 R /Group << The soil where mangroves are rooted poses a second challenge for plants as it is severely lacking in oxygen. /F1 48 0 R To differentiate species that use different methods for dealing with salt, scientists categorize mangroves as either secretorsthose that actively rid their tissue of saltand non-secretorsthose that block the salt from entering their tissue. /Length 560 /GS8 47 0 R But the recent mangrove deforestation to make way for development and shrimp farms has created hazardous conditions for people living close to shore. As the salty water evaporates, noticeable salt crystals often form on the surface of the leaves. - American Museum of Natural History, Indian Lagoon Mangrove Species - Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Mangrove Shrubs and Trees - Food and Agriculture Organization, The Mangrove Knowledge Hub - Global Mangrove Alliance, News ArticlesWhat Killed NorthernAustralia's Mangroves? /URI (https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/decomposition-as-a-regulator-of-carbon-accretion-in-mangroves-a-review\(89847308-f975-435f-acb0-b805d64dd52f\).html) /GS7 46 0 R /Border [0 0 0] 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R /Font << /Contents [38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R] z>?aY"{TV[$04`ViPdLBi[R ;{q{FcsY{|WQs4(IB[o$=XT| /XObject << /Parent 3 0 R >> In this The primary producers in mangrove ecosystems would not be able to do their job without decomposers providing nutrients for them. /Type /Font Role of fungi in marine ecosystems | SpringerLink Earthworms are soil-dwelling detritivores. How do they do it? The rainbow parrotfish and Goliath grouper are two species listed on the IUCN Red List that rely on this nursery for protection and food. /C [0 0 1] 12 [153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R 153 0 R The mounds are also excellent hideouts and homes for other creatures like snakes. found that 71 percent of the forest is experiencing 656 feet (200 meters) of coastline retreat per year, almost the length of two football fields. How do their components work? Charcoal from mangroves is highly prized in Japan. One isopod called. >> . /Type /Font /S /Transparency >> Charcoal from mangroves is highly prized in Japan. Perhaps, the initial few seedlings to colonize the north were extremely early reproducers and the trait has been passed down to the current generation. endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /StructParents 14 A stilt root grows toward the soil, arcing away from the central trunk like a flying buttress. /Type /Group The burrowing mud lobsters are industrious workers that play an important role in many mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region. Mangrove can also be used as a term that refers to an entire community. << >> /Type /Group As a child, I played in a swamp near my grandmothers house. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Resources << endobj 11 0 obj /Parent 3 0 R They raise the young in nurseries, taking turns caring for their own as well as others' offspring and protecting them fiercely. /Parent 3 0 R and scavengers. In the Philippines, for instance, the World Bank spent $35 million to plant nearly 3 million mangrove seedlings in the Central Visayas between 1984 and 1992. /GS7 46 0 R /GS8 47 0 R The rise of shrimp farming is a response to the increasing appetite for shrimp in the United States, Europe, Japan and China in recent decades. << endobj Initially, governments were ill-equipped to regulate this type of farming, and farmers were unaware of the destruction they were causing. 30 0 obj With their roots submerged in water, mangrove trees thrive in hot, muddy, salty conditions that would quickly kill most plants. >> /Rotate 0 Not many large animals can navigate the thick undergrowth and sinking mud pits of a mangrove forest, but for the Royal Bengal tiger, the treacherous habitat is the perfect hunting ground. /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold Because of their coastal location and the tangled nature of their roots, mangrove forests also help protect shorelines from erosion while giving many rare species places to live. They are located on the intermediate zone between the land . /Group << >> The Sundarban mangrove forest is home to the great Asian honey bee and collecting that bees honey may be one of the riskiest occupations in the world. >> Mangrove ecosystem is a system consisting of biotic and abiotic environments that interact with each other in a mangrove habitat (Kusmana, 2002). /Contents 64 0 R These organisms carry out the process of decomposition, which all living organisms undergo after death. Knee roots are a type of horizontal root that periodically grow vertically and then, in a near hairpin loop, grow back downsimilar to the look of a bent knee. Not only are mangrove roots underground, they are also flooded with water up to two times a day. An exotic antelope from Asia called the nilgai was released in Texas in the United States in the 1930s as hunting game and is now not only a nuisance for cattle ranchers, but it also eats mangrove leaves. << Other international efforts include Mangroves for the Future (MFF) and the Bonn Challenge. Mangrove biologistDr. Candy Feller has spent the last 35 years among the mangrove roots researching the relationship between mangrove growth, nutrients, and the animals that rely on the forests. endobj /Endnote /Note Mangroves are survivors. endobj This is where decomposers come in. >> Many of those fish species feed other species that visit the mangroves, in turn supporting whole communities. /C [0 0 1] /Tabs /S Anchored in soft sediments, the roots are literally coated with creaturesbarnacles, oysters, crabs, sponges, anemones, sea stars, and much more. << /P 4 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /ExtGState << They are also important because they provide a habitat for other species that live in the ecosystem, like fish and birds. >> /Type /Page >> /Slide /Part The organisms in these groups all play a key role in contributing to a functioning ecosystem. /F6 54 0 R live here where they feed on dead material, eg water worms and rat-tailed maggots. But by 1996,less than 20 percent of those mangroves had survived. 26 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Together, the mangroves and seagrasses use photosynthesis to grow and provide energy for the rest of the ecosystem. In mature Rhizophora, the trunk of the tree is completely suspended above the water by the arcing stilt roots. /Rect [127 390 229.81 400] Recent destruction of firefly habitats initiated the creation of Congregating Firefly Zones (CFZs) in an effort to protect these unique and beautiful insects. /GS7 46 0 R /Resources << People attempt to restore mangroves all around the world. 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R /Tabs /S /S /Transparency Certain ecosystems store carbon better than others. Mangrove forests along open bays and lagoons that experience full sun are considered to be mangrove fringe. /F3 50 0 R Throughout the night the bats will travel tree to tree and the pollen is transferred to flowers of different individuals. 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R Primary consumers are the decomposers. But not all animal relationships among the roots are beneficial to the mangroves. 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R /F4 51 0 R Some organisms will eat the leaves directly, especially crabs and insects, while other decomposers wait for the mangrove leaves to fall to the ground and consume the decaying material. In several genera, including Avicennia, Laguncularia, and Sonneratia, growing from these cable roots are pneumatophores, vertical roots that spring up from the ground. /Subtype /Type1 Decomposers can obtain energy by digesting chemical compounds that consumers cannot digest How do producers obtain energy? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Amphipods and other small grazers speed up the process by reducing the litter mechanically to detritus. /ExtGState << . Initially toxic from the deep, acidic soil coming into contact with the air, the mounds eventually lose their acidity and become excellent places for little mangroves, including several species of the mangrove fern. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Once the leaves and older trees die they fall to the seafloor and take the stored carbon with them to be buried in the soil. /Rotate 0 4 0 obj /F6 54 0 R Plant-soil feedbacks in mangrove ecosystems are important for ecosystem resilience and can be investigated by establishing links between empirical and modelling studies. /Rotate 0 Mid water - fish are the main predators here. /StructParents 10 /GS7 46 0 R Red mangroves are the most common . /Resources << They stabilize shores by trapping sediments and building land. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Chart /Sect /S /Transparency How diverse are mangroves? >> /Parent 3 0 R 14 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Group Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. The bacteria in mangroves are very important, acting as decomposers and breaking down organic matter making it is available to the food web. Not mangroves. /Font << What Killed NorthernAustralia's Mangroves? /Contents 65 0 R When threatened, they flee to the water, where they can select from a different menu of food. >> Honey can be a sweet luxury, but for many it is a way of life. /C [0 0 1] These ecosystems sustain billions of worms, protozoa, barnacles (Balanus spp. As long as those nutrients are there, the producers will do well. Mangrove Swamps | US EPA These ecosystems sustain billions of worms, protozoa, barnacles ( Balanus spp. Riverine mangrove forests are within river floodplains by the coast and are heavily influenced by the changing seasons. /GS8 47 0 R They also provide us with an ample supple of food, like seafood, fruit, medicines, fiber, and wood. << As the leaves age, the cells grow in size since more water is needed to dilute the accumulating salt. >> Smithsonian scientists and colleagues from around the world are searching for answers to these and other urgent questions. 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R /Group << Some of these invasive species are encroaching upon the habitats of mangroves. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Decomposers - National Geographic Society Mangroves categorized as secretors, including species in the black mangrove genus. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves | SpringerLink >> stream How do their components work? >> /Length 1009 They also provide us with an ample supple of food, like seafood, fruit, medicines, fiber, and wood. /Type /Group The eggs are stored in an air-filled compartment within the den and the father must continually gulp air from the surface and then release it in the compartment to replenish the oxygen. << They are propped up by tangled, gnarly roots that look like a giant birds nest with a small, leafy green canopy above. The same study also found that as mangrove width decreased, the death toll from coastal storms increased. The roots even hold onto those sediments which leads to better water quality and a reduction in erosion. Inhabitants of the mangrove forests in Borneo, these monkeys rarely leave the branches of the trees, though they are one of the best primate swimmers and will leap into the water in a comical belly-flop. Crocodiles laze in the salt water. >> /Rotate 0 Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. >> /C [0 0 1] /Parent 3 0 R As global temperatures rise so will sea level. Medicinal properties from mangroves include relieving pain, decreasing inflammation, treating diabetes, acting as an antitumor drug, ridding the body of parasites, as an antiseptic, and many, many more. 20 0 obj /ExtGState << In India alone. The dense, intertwiningroots serve as nurseriesfor many colorful coral reef fishes and for other fishes valued by fishermen. /Group << /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Both coral reefs and seagrass beds rely on the water purifying ability of nearby mangrove forests to keep the water clear and healthy. /S /Transparency >> Decomposers clean up the dead material by processing it and returning the nutrients to the soil for the producers. >> Pneumatophores, like these cone roots, help the tree gain access to oxygen even when the roots are partially submerged. /Dialogsheet /Part Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are key to the health of plants. Mangrove trees can be distantly related and are grouped together for their shared characteristics rather than true genetic ties. /Parent 3 0 R /S /Transparency /Group << In 2016, the United States imported over 1.3 billion pounds of shrimp, and it is estimated that Americans consume 4 pounds of shrimp per person every year. << /F7 66 0 R Besides mating, the burrows are also shelters from flooding, harsh temperatures, and predators. /Group << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] As mangroves and seagrasses grow larger, they require more and more nutrients. << 2 0 obj /S /URI Part of her research includes carefully dosing individual mangrove trees with small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to understand howexcess nutrients, which are a major global threat to mangroves and other coastal ecosystems like those from industrial, residential, and agricultural sourcesaffect mangrove ecosystems. Biotic components consist of three types in an ecosystem, namely producer organisms, consumer organisms and decomposer organisms (Harahab, 2010). Science module D unit 1 test Flashcards | Quizlet 22 0 obj Ecosystem Maintenance Decomposers are like the housekeepers of an ecosystem. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. 35 0 obj /ExtGState << Decomposers. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Not only do mangroves manage to survive in challenging conditions, the mangrove ecosystem also supports an incredible diversity of creaturesincluding some species unique to mangrove forests. /Rect [127 380 327.69 390] After 7 years, all three of Floridas mangrove species naturally re-established. In the hot, humid tropics you can find some of the most interesting life on the planet. The leaves of some mangrove can also store unwanted salt. PDF The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW /Group << /ExtGState << >> /Type /Group When plants in the ocean die the carbon they use to build their tissues gets stored away in the ocean floor. Mud lobsters excavate underground burrows that extend down to two meters deep. Based upon findings that seedlings do best when they are submerged for 30 percent of the time and dry for the remaining 70, Lewis and a team of engineers modified the coastal landscape by moving piles of dirt with bulldozers and backhoes away from the experiment site. >> /C [0 0 1] . (Steven Paton/Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), The burrowing mud lobsters are industrious workers that play an important role in many mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region. /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R Even without glasses, females of this species keep a sharp eye out for their young. /Tabs /S endobj Since then, Lewiss ecological restoration methods have been used to restore 30 mangrove sites in the United States, along with mangroves in another 25 countries around the world. }7XpYa" ,BH |Z!MGXvezG`IL3hS)N _DkD8B*"i3p{G{# 4BlUi@N7HDJ/@9.G!`_Kd ",ge\+4>)WI6yz"3.fy.by/Ez=h)X/ktDKS i=>~$&+$m]t2,&'/+;7Zy&_xM;dQNTqWXgYhHL:6"', The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW. Since long-distance dispersal of mangroves relies on ocean currents to move seeds along the coast, the strong currents and whipping winds created by stronger hurricanes will help carry propagules from down south, up the coast into new territory. Also, disease is a constant concern and can render entire ponds completely worthless. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. In Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries, local communities dependent on mangroves have learned his methods, too. 4 [99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R] This process helps provide organic nutrients for the ecosystem where it lives. /S /Transparency Mangrove ecosystems are some of the most productive in the world. << The, How diverse are mangroves? /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Subtype /Form Isolated from the main land and terrestrial predators, it is a popular place for birds to nest. /F6 54 0 R This hoarding of water creates thick and fleshy leaves, a characteristic called succulence. Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: iron ] 10 [130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R] One of the major questions Dr. Feller and her team hope to answer is how mangroves will react to climate change. Microsoft Word 2013 Mangroves are among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on Earth. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] There is not a lot of plant diversity (number of species) in mangrove swamps. The bats, mostly concerned with just getting a sweet meal, are unknowingly helping the mangroves by pollinating their flowers. The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW >> >> Extensive mangrove diebacks in Australia along the Bay of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory and at Exmouth in Western Australia have been linked to a 14 inch (35 cm) drop in sea level, which when coupled with prolonged drought, left mangroves high and dry long enough to cause extensive mangrove death. 2017-11-07T16:38:10Z /Title (The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW) endobj This buried carbon is known as blue carbon because it is stored underwater in coastal ecosystems like mangrove forests, seagrass beds and salt marshes. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R Without the consumer, the accumulation of dead . /F4 51 0 R >> /Type /Metadata 7 0 obj /Rotate 0 /GS7 46 0 R Other organisms rely on the structures created by the branching trees and their tangle of roots. /Resources << /F5 52 0 R endstream /BBox [0 0 594.96 841.92] 34 0 obj /Contents 57 0 R The best examples of producers are plants, lichens and algae, which convert water, sunlight and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. /Resources << /F6 54 0 R Just like an early frost can wipe out flower sprouts during the spring, a couple of days of icy temperatures is enough to kill a growing mangrove seedling. A spectacled caiman patrols a salty pond at a Smithsonian research station in Panama. The tree and shrub foliage create a rich habitat for other plants and animals to call home, and the branching root system underwater creates a safe haven for many fish, especially easily preyed upon young. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] All mangroves have evolved special adaptations that enable them to live in salty, oxygen-poor soil. Spatial distribution features of microorganisms and assessment of carbon sink capability in mangrove sediments Huirong YANG 1, 2 (), Chang FANG 1, 2 (), Junchao GAO 3, Fang JIAO 1, 2 1. Flow of energy and cycling of matter in ecosystems They are characterized by halophytic (salt loving) trees, shrubs and other plants growing in brackish to saline tidal waters. Microsoft Word 2013 Many people bear scars from tiger encounters. /Footer /Sect >> 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] /StructParents 2 /GS7 46 0 R endobj 12 0 obj Roughly 100,000 local villagers brave tiger attacks, crocodiles, python bites, pirate raids, and bee stings so severe in number that they can cause fever and instant vomiting, all for the promise of a little liquid gold. However, none of this would be possible without the lowly decomposers quietly recycling everything that comes their way. /F4 51 0 R /Subtype /Link >> /Length 593 /GS7 46 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << Detritivores (also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters) are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces ). Xg'j0]`|(vV(8np [Qr522Iq%vssaH!t`M>q)"Ni`.84Rx=C4 W2c2> Many crabs, shrimp, and fish will spend the early stages of life within the safety of the mangrove roots before making their way out into the open ocean as adults. /Font << /F5 52 0 R But without alternative means to make a living, year after year the honey hunters return to the forest. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Mangroves have. /Tabs /S stream In 1918, their most northern limit was Miami. People who live in mangrove forests often rely on fishing to make a living. In 2006, two nearby archipelagos were washed away, an illustration that the threat of the entire forest vanishing beneath the ocean is a real concern.
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