One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Boston Spa, Explain why France was such a threat to Elizabeth when she - Brainly These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Best Answer. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. - rebelling of scottish lords. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. 1558 -french threat. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Company Reg no: 04489574. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. This increased tension between England and Spain. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. First English colony in Virginia established. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. and reversing the religious settlement. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation.