He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. How did a precariously enthroned ruler, lacking a police force or a standing army, manage to run roughshod over the law? [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . After winning the throne of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist king Edward IV. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". Corrections? The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Henry VII of England - Wikipedia One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. [46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle , Wales, on January 28 th, 1457. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. I have to admit to being a history geek. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. Henry VII: Winter King, BBC Two, review - The Telegraph [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Its inhabitant was once one of England's most exuberant kings, yet his resting place was only re-discovered in 1813. Penn then moved on to how Henry became King. All the information is from Thomas Penn. This is why he named the book the Winter King. I would read more by this author. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. Up to a point, he succeeded. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. Henry VII - History Learning Site In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Henry was a remarkable man. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 1509. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. Celebrating the release of The Colour of Bone A London Charnel House. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Old rivalries simmered, however. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. His spies and informers were everywhere. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. (1): (April 24, 1883. Backdating Henry's Reign. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Henry VIII - Tudor History Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. Updates? Sophia Money-Coutts: Sensitivity readers don't want Henry VIII to be Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . In 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and advanced toward London. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Prince Arthur was born just eight months after his parents marriage, at Winchester, the seat of King Arthurs Camelot. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians.
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